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The Encyclopedia of the Art of Photography

    In the American West

    • Richard Avedon (1923-2004)

    Working-class individuals from the American West, stripped of environmental context by a stark white backdrop.

    Description

    Richard Avedon’s In the American West (1979–1984) presents unvarnished depictions of working-class individuals across seventeen western states. Commissioned by the Amon Carter Museum of Art, this project marked a departure from Avedon’s celebrated career in fashion photography, as he sought to engage with raw human experiences beyond the polished surfaces of glamour. Inspired by his own confrontation with mortality following a heart condition, Avedon embarked on a five-year journey through county fairs, oil fields, coal mines, slaughterhouses, and roadside stops, capturing the lives of those often overlooked in traditional representations of the West.


    Unlike the mythologized landscapes and heroic figures central to Western iconography, his subjects—miners, drifters, waitresses, and laborers—stand isolated against a stark white backdrop, stripped of environmental context and reduced to the essence of their physical presence. This formal approach, previously associated with commercial studio photography, here served to elevate everyday individuals to a level of visual prominence typically reserved for celebrities and models.


    The choice of black-and-white photography, facilitated by an 8x10 Deardorff view camera, heightened the hyper-realism of facial expressions and bodily details, reinforcing the intensity of Avedon’s portraits. Even lighting, achieved by positioning subjects in the shade, neutralized sculptural effects, further emphasizing the stark, frontal compositions that often evoke mugshots. Through this meticulous methodology, Avedon constructed a subjective vision of the West as a place of endurance, hardship, and psychological complexity, eschewing both sentimental nostalgia and documentary objectivity.


    Premiering with monumentally scaled prints at the Amon Carter Museum of American Art in 1985, the project traveled widely—to the Corcoran Gallery of Art, SFMOMA, the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art, and other U.S. venues—accompanied by an Abrams monograph. It has since been revisited in anniversary and centennial installations at the Amon Carter, and prints now reside in major museum collections, reinforcing the series’ lasting influence.

    Behind the work

    After the project, all but 123 of the negatives were intentionally destroyed. The remaining 123 negatives are in the collection of the Amon Carter Museum, with a directive that they never be printed from again.

    Over five to six years (1979-1984), Avedon and his crew visited 17 states and 189 towns. They photographed 752 subjects using approximately 17,000 sheets of 8x10 Kodak Tri-X Pan film. Avedon shot around 20 sheets of film per person on average.

    Avedon used a large format 8x10 wooden clamshell camera made by Deardorf and Sons from Chicago. He used only one lens for the entire project, a 360-millimeter Schneider Symmar-S. He also used a big, metal Majestic tripod made in Chicago.

    Laura Wilson, Avedon's assistant, played a role in choosing some of the subjects. Wilson mentioned that Avedon was looking for faces that expressed feelings about hard, labouring work and the human condition. Avedon compared his selection process to auditioning actors.

    Avedon intentionally retained the black borders of the negatives in the prints, forming a stark frame that accentuated the surrounding white space.

    Quotes by the photographer

    "A photographic portrait is a picture of someone who knows he is being photographed, and what he does with that knowledge is as much a part of the photograph as what he is wearing and how he looks."

    "A portrait is not a likeness. The moment an emotion or fact is transformed into a photograph it is no longer a fact but an opinion. There is no such thing as inaccuracy in a photograph. All photographs are accurate. None of them are truth."

    "Sometimes I think all my pictures are just pictures of me. My concern is… the human predicament; only what I consider the human predicament may simply be my own".

    "This is a fictional West. I don’t think the West of these portraits is any more conclusive than the West of John Wayne."

    "Let’s assume that it’s correct that I take advantage of people. What has that got to do with the business of an artist? What difference does it make if I am a good or a bad man? We are talking about the works of art which will live long after I’m gone... But are the photographs true to the human condition? And has damage been done?"

    "I’m looking for a new definition of a photographic portrait. I’m looking for people who are surprising -- heartbreaking -- or beautiful in a terrifying way. Beauty that might scare you to death until you acknowledge it as part of yourself."

    "I am interested in connections between people of remote experience, in similarities that are unexpected and unexplained... Paradox, irony, contradiction - these interest me in a photograph."

    "My photographs don’t go below the surface, I have great faith in surfaces, a good one is full of clues. Scratch the surface, and if you’re really lucky, you find more surface."

    "I think I do photograph what I’m afraid of. Things I couldn’t deal with the camera. My father’s death, madness, when I was young—women. I didn’t understand. It gave me a sort of control over the situation which was legitimate, because good work was being done. And by photographing what I was afraid of, or what I was interested in— I laid the ghost. It got out of my system and onto the page."

    Tags and context
    genre
    Portrait ,Social Documentary
    theme
    Identity ,National Identity , Social Critique ,Alienation ,Rural Life ,Inequality ,Vulnerability
    technique
    Large-Format ,Black-and-White ,Detailed Focus ,High Contrast ,Natural Light ,Negative Space ,Isolated Subjects ,Frontal Composition ,Gelatin Silver Print ,Backdrops ,Central Composition ,Directorial Mode ,Typology ,Visible Print Borders
    influence
    Straight Photography ,Social Realism ,New Documents ,Deadpan Aesthetic
    period
    1970s ,1980s
    location
    United States

    Credits: A limited image selection is reproduced for analysis, commentary, and research under Article 24(1)(3) of the Bulgarian Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act. Amon Carter Museum of American Art (image source); Violeta Apostolova (image research); Lucia Catalin (data research). Suggest an Edit

    In the American West

    • Richard Avedon (1923-2004)

    Working-class individuals from the American West, stripped of environmental context by a stark white backdrop.

    Description

    Richard Avedon’s In the American West (1979–1984) presents unvarnished depictions of working-class individuals across seventeen western states. Commissioned by the Amon Carter Museum of Art, this project marked a departure from Avedon’s celebrated career in fashion photography, as he sought to engage with raw human experiences beyond the polished surfaces of glamour. Inspired by his own confrontation with mortality following a heart condition, Avedon embarked on a five-year journey through county fairs, oil fields, coal mines, slaughterhouses, and roadside stops, capturing the lives of those often overlooked in traditional representations of the West.


    Unlike the mythologized landscapes and heroic figures central to Western iconography, his subjects—miners, drifters, waitresses, and laborers—stand isolated against a stark white backdrop, stripped of environmental context and reduced to the essence of their physical presence. This formal approach, previously associated with commercial studio photography, here served to elevate everyday individuals to a level of visual prominence typically reserved for celebrities and models.


    The choice of black-and-white photography, facilitated by an 8x10 Deardorff view camera, heightened the hyper-realism of facial expressions and bodily details, reinforcing the intensity of Avedon’s portraits. Even lighting, achieved by positioning subjects in the shade, neutralized sculptural effects, further emphasizing the stark, frontal compositions that often evoke mugshots. Through this meticulous methodology, Avedon constructed a subjective vision of the West as a place of endurance, hardship, and psychological complexity, eschewing both sentimental nostalgia and documentary objectivity.


    Premiering with monumentally scaled prints at the Amon Carter Museum of American Art in 1985, the project traveled widely—to the Corcoran Gallery of Art, SFMOMA, the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art, and other U.S. venues—accompanied by an Abrams monograph. It has since been revisited in anniversary and centennial installations at the Amon Carter, and prints now reside in major museum collections, reinforcing the series’ lasting influence.

    Behind the work

    After the project, all but 123 of the negatives were intentionally destroyed. The remaining 123 negatives are in the collection of the Amon Carter Museum, with a directive that they never be printed from again.

    Over five to six years (1979-1984), Avedon and his crew visited 17 states and 189 towns. They photographed 752 subjects using approximately 17,000 sheets of 8x10 Kodak Tri-X Pan film. Avedon shot around 20 sheets of film per person on average.

    Avedon used a large format 8x10 wooden clamshell camera made by Deardorf and Sons from Chicago. He used only one lens for the entire project, a 360-millimeter Schneider Symmar-S. He also used a big, metal Majestic tripod made in Chicago.

    Laura Wilson, Avedon's assistant, played a role in choosing some of the subjects. Wilson mentioned that Avedon was looking for faces that expressed feelings about hard, labouring work and the human condition. Avedon compared his selection process to auditioning actors.

    Avedon intentionally retained the black borders of the negatives in the prints, forming a stark frame that accentuated the surrounding white space.

    Quotes by the photographer

    "A photographic portrait is a picture of someone who knows he is being photographed, and what he does with that knowledge is as much a part of the photograph as what he is wearing and how he looks."

    "A portrait is not a likeness. The moment an emotion or fact is transformed into a photograph it is no longer a fact but an opinion. There is no such thing as inaccuracy in a photograph. All photographs are accurate. None of them are truth."

    "Sometimes I think all my pictures are just pictures of me. My concern is… the human predicament; only what I consider the human predicament may simply be my own".

    "This is a fictional West. I don’t think the West of these portraits is any more conclusive than the West of John Wayne."

    "Let’s assume that it’s correct that I take advantage of people. What has that got to do with the business of an artist? What difference does it make if I am a good or a bad man? We are talking about the works of art which will live long after I’m gone... But are the photographs true to the human condition? And has damage been done?"

    "I’m looking for a new definition of a photographic portrait. I’m looking for people who are surprising -- heartbreaking -- or beautiful in a terrifying way. Beauty that might scare you to death until you acknowledge it as part of yourself."

    "I am interested in connections between people of remote experience, in similarities that are unexpected and unexplained... Paradox, irony, contradiction - these interest me in a photograph."

    "My photographs don’t go below the surface, I have great faith in surfaces, a good one is full of clues. Scratch the surface, and if you’re really lucky, you find more surface."

    "I think I do photograph what I’m afraid of. Things I couldn’t deal with the camera. My father’s death, madness, when I was young—women. I didn’t understand. It gave me a sort of control over the situation which was legitimate, because good work was being done. And by photographing what I was afraid of, or what I was interested in— I laid the ghost. It got out of my system and onto the page."

    Tags and context
    genre
    Portrait ,Social Documentary
    theme
    Identity ,National Identity , Social Critique ,Alienation ,Rural Life ,Inequality ,Vulnerability
    technique
    Large-Format ,Black-and-White ,Detailed Focus ,High Contrast ,Natural Light ,Negative Space ,Isolated Subjects ,Frontal Composition ,Gelatin Silver Print ,Backdrops ,Central Composition ,Directorial Mode ,Typology ,Visible Print Borders
    influence
    Straight Photography ,Social Realism ,New Documents ,Deadpan Aesthetic
    period
    1970s ,1980s
    location
    United States

    Credits: A limited image selection is reproduced for analysis, commentary, and research under Article 24(1)(3) of the Bulgarian Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act. Amon Carter Museum of American Art (image source); Violeta Apostolova (image research); Lucia Catalin (data research). Suggest an Edit

    Sandra Bennett, twelve year old, Rocky Ford, Colorado, 8/23/80, 1980
    James Kimberlin, drifter, State Road 18, Hobbs, New Mexico, 10/7/80, 1980
    Dave Timothey, nuclear fallout victim, Orem, Utah, 8/8/80, 1980
    James Story, coal miner, Somerset, Colorado, 12/18/79, 1979
    Roberto Lopez, oil field worker, Lyons, Texas, 9/28/80, 1980
    Petra Alvarado, factory worker, El Paso, Texas, on her birthday 4/22/82, 1982
    Billy Mudd, Trucker, Alto, Texas, 5/7/81, 1981
    Charlene Van Tighem, physical therapist, Augusta, Montana, 6/23/83, 1983
    Boyd Fortin, thirteen year old, Sweetwater, Texas, 3/10/79, 1979
    Ronald Fischer, beekeeper, Davis, California, 5/9/81, 1981

    Books

    upscaled cover image 9780500541104
    In the American West
    • Thames & Hudson, 1985
    upscaled cover image 9781419783609
    In the American West
    • Abrams, 2025
    upscaled cover image 9783888147128
    Richard Avedon. Evidence, 1944-1994
    • Schirmer/Mosel, 1994
    portraits
    Richard Avedon, Portraits
    • Abrams, 2002

    Related Projects

    Identical twins, Roselle, N.J. 1967
    Eccentrics
    • Diane Arbus (1923-1971)

    Portraits of eccentrics and self-fashioned individuals in postwar America, presented in direct black-and-white photographs with frontal compositions across New York streets, circuses, and domestic interiors.

    Young Farmers, 1914. Collection of The Museum of Modern Art. Image courtesy of MoMA.
    People of the 20th Century
    • August Sander (1876-1964)

    Typological photographic study documenting German societal archetypes through seven thematic groups, spanning decades and social strata.

    The Family, Luzzara, 1953
    The Village
    • Paul Strand (1890-1976)

    Portrayal of rural Italian village life, revealing intimate details of community members in domestic and communal spaces, highlighting unromanticized realities of post-war Italy.

    Andy Kei Ook
    Raskols
    • Stephen Dupont (1967)

    Gang identity amid urban poverty and cultural disruption, documented through black-and-white Polaroid portraits of Kips Kaboni members in Port Moresby.

    Vanessa Winship – Sweet Nothings
    Sweet Nothings
    • Vanessa Winship (1960)

    Girlhood in Eastern Anatolia, rendered in black-and-white portraits of girls attending state schools near Turkey's borders.

    Indira, 7, Kathmandu, Nepal
    Where Children Sleep
    • James Mollison (1973)

    Typological project examining childhood across the world through uniform portraiture and contextual images of sleeping environments.